WE NURTURE AND CULTURE THEM SO AS TO GROW THEM FASTER & HEALTHY
FRUIT RECIPE FOR F.Y.B.SC. STUDENTS
LIST OF FRUIT PLANTS WITH LOCAL NAME, ENGLISH COMMON NAME AND BOTANICAL NAME
COMPILED BY
PROF. VIJAY K DESHMUKH
केळी Banana Musa paradisica
पपई Papaya Carica papaya
नारळ Coconut Cocos nucifera
काजू Cashew nut Anacardium occidentale
लीची Litchi Litchi chinensis
सीताफळ Custard apple Annona sqamosa
रामफळ Bullock’s heart Annona reticulate
लक्ष्मणफळ Cherimola Annona cherimola
हनुमानफळ Atemoya Annona atemoya
चिकू Sapota Achrus zapota
बोर Ber Zizyphus jujube
डाळींब Pomogranate Punica granatum
फणस Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus
अंजीर Fig Ficus carica
ग्रेप फ्रुट Grapefruit Citrus paradisi
लिंबू Lemon Citrus limon
संत्रा Orange Citrus sinensis
किन्नू Kinnow Citrus nobilis × deliciosa
खजूर Date palm Phoenix dactylifera
पैशन फ्रुट Passion fruit Passiflora edulis
बेल Bael Aegle marmelos
जांभूळ Jamun Eugenia jambolana
आवळा Amala Phyllanthus emblica
फालसा Phalsa Grewia asiatica
स्ट्रोबेरी Strawberry Fragaria ananassa
रासबेरी Raspberry (Red) Rubus idaeus
करवंद Karvand Carissa carandas
कलिंगड Watermelon Citrullus lanatus
खरबूज Muskmelon Cuccumis melon
आंबा Mango Mangifera indica
सफरचंद Apple (domestic) Malus domestica
पिअर Pear (Asian) Pyrus pyrifolia
प्लम Plum Prunus domestica
चेरी (गोड ) Cherry (Sweet) Prunus avium
चेरी (आंबट) Cherry (Sour) Prunus cerasus
किवी Kiwi Actinidia deliciosa
STUDY MATERIAL / NOTES FOR T.Y.B.SC, TOPIC- ENDEMISM , A/Y - 2012-13
Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. To be endemic to a place or area means that it is found only in that part of the world and nowhere else.The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.
Physical, climatic, and biological factors can contribute to endemism. Political factors can play a part if a species is protected, or actively hunted, in one jurisdiction but not another.
There are two subcategories of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. Paleoendemism refers to a species that was formerly widespread but is now restricted to a smaller area. Neoendemism refers to a species that has recently arisen such as a species that has diverged and become reproductively isolated, or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy.
Endemic
types or species are especially likely to develop on biologically
isolated areas such as islands because of their geographical isolation.
This includes remote island groups, such as Hawaii, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra, and biologically isolated but not island areas such as the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct if their restricted habitat changes, particularly but not only due to human actions, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda Petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when
it was settled at the start of the seventeenth century. By the end of
the century, the petrels were thought extinct. Cedars, already ravaged
by centuries of shipbuilding, were driven nearly to extinction in the
twentieth century by the introduction of a parasite. Bermuda petrels and
cedars, although not actually extinct, are very rare today, as are
other species endemic to Bermuda.
Checklist of Endemic Plants of Maharashtra:- Checklist Stats -Number of Species: 170.
s_no | scientific_name | author(s) | family | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abutilon ranadei | Woodr. et Stapf. | Malvaceae | |
2 | Achyranthes caturus | Heyne ex Hook.f. | Amaranthaceae | |
3 | Achyranthes coynei | Santapau | Amaranthaceae | |
4 | Allophylus concanicus | Radlk. | Sapindaceae | |
5 | Alysicarpus luteo-vexallatus | Naik et Pokle | Fabaceae | |
6 | Alysicarpus narimanii | S.M.Almeida et M.R.Almeida | Fabaceae | |
7 | Alysicarpus salim-alii | S.M.Almeida | Fabaceae | |
8 | Alysicarpus tetragonolobus | Edgew. var. pashanensis S.M.Almeida et M.R.Almeida | Fabaceae | |
9 | Amorphophallus konkanensis | Hett. | Araceae | |
10 | Aponogeton bruggeni | Yadav et Govekar | Aponogetonaceae | |
11 | Aponogeton satarensis | Sundararaghavan, Kulkarni et Yadav | Aponogetonaceae | |
12 | Argyreia boseana | Santapau et Patel | Convolvulaceae | |
13 | Arisaema caudatum | Engl. | Araceae | |
14 | Arisaema sahyadricum | Yadav, Patil et Bachulkar | Araceae | |
15 | Arthraxon hispidus | (Thunb.) Makino var. junnarensis (Jain et Hemadri) Welzen | Poaceae | |
16 | Arthraxon hispidus | (Thunb.) Makino var. santapaui (Bor) Welzen | Poaceae | |
17 | Arthraxon lanceolatus | (Roxb.) Hochst. var. raizada (Jain, Hemadri et Deshpande) Welzen | Poaceae | |
18 | Asystasia mysorensis | T.Anders. | Acanthaceae | |
19 | Barleria gibsonioides | Blatt | A |
Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) is the apex research organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India for carrying out taxonomic and floristic studies on wild plant resources of the country. It was established on 13th February, 1890 with the basic objective to explore the plant resources of the country and to identify the plants species with economic virtues. The Botanical Survey of India has the eleven regional circles situated at different regions of the country.
Organisation Setup
The present set up of Botanical Survey of India is as follows:-
HEADQUARTERS: KOLKATA/HOWRAH: having following units
- Ecology
- Cryptogamic Botany
- Plant Chemistry
- Pharmacognosy
- Flora of India
- Publication
- Library and documentation
- Technical.INDIAN BOTANIC GARDEN, HOWRAH: a 273 acre sprawling garden and National Orchidarium.CENTRAL NATIONAL HERBARIUM, HOWRAH (Acronym: CAL): including the Palynology Unit (covering states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal).CENTRAL BOTANICAL LABORATORY, HOWRAH: with Economic Botany, Cytology and Plant Physiology and Biochemistry units.
REGIONAL CIRCLES: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1)Eastern Circle, Shillong (covering
the states of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and
Tripura). The circle has a National Orchidarium at Shillong and
an associated Botanic Garden at Barapani and Tissue Culture laboratory
at both Shillong and Barapani. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2)Southern Circle, Coimbatore (covering
the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu and Union Terrirories of Lakshadweep
& Minicoy Islands). The circle has a National Orchidarium, an
associated Botanic garden and a Tissue Culuture laboratory at Yercaud. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3)Western Circle, Pune (covering
states of Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra and Union Terrirories of
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman, Diu). The circle has an associated
Botanic Garden at Mundhwa. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4)Northern Circle, Dehra Dun (covering
the the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab, Uttranchal and Union Terrirories of Chandigarh. The circle has
three associated Botanic Gardens at Dehra Dun, Khirsu and Pauri, one
green, house one Orchidarium and one Tissue Culture laboratory at
Dehradun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5)Central Circle, Allahabad (covering the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh). The circle has an associated Botanic Garden at Allahabad. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6)Arid Zone Circle, Jodhpur (covering the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat). The circle has an associated Desert Botanic Garden at Jodhpur. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7)Andaman & Nicobar Circle, Port Blair (all the oceanic Islands under Andaman & Nicobar). The circle has an associated Botanic Garden at Dhanikhari. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8)Sikkim Himalayan Circle, Gangtok (covering the states of Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal). The circle has a Green House and a Glass House at Gangtok. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9)Arunachal Pradesh Circle, Itanagar (covering the state of Arunachal Pradesh). The circle has an Arboretum at Sankie View, Itanagar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10)Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Noida (covering the National Capital Territory Region of Delhi). The Centre is currently under the development. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11)Deccan Circle (Covering the states of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.) Aims & Objectives
Achievements and contribution of Western circle(Pune) of BSI Contribution:- PUBLICATIONS
|
NOTES FOR TYBSc :- Topic:- Origin of Angiosperms
Place of origin of angiosperms:-
The place of origin of angiosperms has no concrete suggestions and it is also not yet finally decided. There are 3 main views regarding the place of origin.
Hear (1868) recommended the polar region to be the center of origin. This recommendation was supported by Hooker (1887), Engler(1904 and Arnold (1947). But Croziat criticized this idea .
Hallier 1912 stated that the basin of the pacific ocean to be the cradle of angiosperms. Many primitive families like Magnoliacae etc. are concentrated about the pacific basin. This idea did not get any support from geological evidences.
Baily !949 supported Northern`Australia , New Guania, New Caledonia, Fiji and adjacent areas are the places of origin of angiosperms as these areas shows rich assemblage of primitive forms of angiosperms. Takhtajan supported that the eastern south eastern Asia, Australia and Malonesia as the birth place of angiosperms.
TIME OF ORIGION OF ANGIOSPERMS
The time of origin of angiosperms is decided mainly on the basis of available fossil record. From middle Cretaceous onwards there is plenty of fossil record of angiosperms which suggests their great presence. Unfortunately very scanty fossil record of angisperms is available from Triassic and Jurassic period. The oldest known fossil of angisperm is Furcula granulifera which is a leaf fossil found from the late triassic rocks of Greenland. This is the direct proof of their presence in late triassic. Some of the scientists believe that angiosperms may have originated even before triassic (Permian period of mesozoic) but the conditions were not suitable for fossilization as they were dwelling to highland areas. Therefore the time of origin can be traced back to early Mesozoic ( Permian period )or late Paleozoic (Triassic period).
There are many views regarding ancestry of angiosperms. Different plant groups were proposed as ancestors to angiosperms by various workers. Three important theories of origin of angiosperms are summarized as under.
Gnetalean theory :-
According to this theory Gnetales, a order of gymnosperms is supposed to be the ancestor of angiosperms.Wettstein (1901), proposed this theory and Markgraf (1930) and Fagerlind (1947) strongly supported his views. This theory is based on the apparent (external) similarities observed between the two groups.
1)The leaf of Gnetum with broad lamina and reticulate venation exactly looks like a typical dicot leaf.
2)Presence of two cotyledons and vessels are other common characters between the two groups.
3)The unisexual inflorescence of Gnetum can easily compared with the catkin of many amentiferous angiosperms.
4)The stamens of three genera of Gnetales are apparently similar to those of angiosperms.
5)The gametophytes in both the groups are highly reduced.
Weakness of the theory-
This theory is objected and criticized on the dissimilarities on issues like ontogeny (development) of vessels, cotyledonary characters, loss of archegonia , vascular anatomy of ovule and female gametophyte.
Bennettitalean theory
Saporta and Marion(1885), and later Arber and Parkin (1907), proposed the Bennettitales, the extinct group of gymnosperms to be the possible ancestors of angiosperms. The basis of this theory is the resemblance in structure between the srobili of the Mesozoic genus Cycadeoidea and the flowers of Magnolia. Both these structures are bisexual and consists of an elongated axis on which the protective bracts, microsporophylls and megasporophylls are arranged successively from below upwards.
Weakness of the theory- Detailed studies reveal that there are several differences in spite of this superficial resemblance. The microsporophylls (stamens) of magnolia are free and are spirally arranged on the axis but in bennettitales they are whorled and mostly connate. The megasporophylls of bennettitales are greatly reduced, simplified stalk like structures, each bearing a solitary terminal ovule. Between megasporophylls there are sterile scales which appear to be sterilized megasporophylls. These are protective in function. There are no such structures in the flower of Magnolia. Further the micropylar tube formed in the ovules of bennettitales is unknown in angiosperms and the pollen grains are shed on the stigma of carpel. Again the seeds of bennettitales are non endospermic with a large embryo while those of primitive angiosperms are with copies endosperm and small embryo. Lastly the bennettitalean stem has a large pith, a thin vascular cylinder and a thick cortex while the angiosperm stem has a small pith, a thick vascular cylinder and a thin cortex. All these facts indicate that the bennettitales cannot have been the ancestors of angiosperms.
Pteridosperms theory :-
According to this theory, Preridosperms (Cycadofilicales) commonly known as seed ferns, a extinct group of paleozoic era,is supposed to be the ancestor of angiosperms. Andrew,1947; Arnold,1949; Thomas, 1955 and Cronqist 1968 supported this view.
This theory is based on the following similarities between the two groups, pteridosperms & angiosperms.
1) Seed habit is the common feature of the pteridospermales and angiosperms.
2) Vascular histology, stellar structure and available fossil records also favor this theory.
3) In both groups sporangial development is eusporangiate type.
4) Amphiphloic siphonostele is also a common feature.
5) Some primitive angiosperms show absence of vessels in their secondary wood also goes in favor of this theory.
Weakness of the theory-
It is not possible to explain the complex
pteridosperm seed in terms of simple angiosperm ovule.